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Vishnu with the army of Gods are shown to the right, the demon army facing them on the left. In the centre, one of Sukesha's sons, Mali, is seen with a lance piercing his chest and falling from his horse, his sword broken in two

Vishnu with the army of Gods are shown to the right, the demon army facing them on the left. In the centre, one of Sukesha's sons, Mali, is seen with a lance piercing his chest and falling from his horse, his sword broken in two

BL3283177

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

The top register shows Kaikasi meeting Visravas who was engaged in the fire sacrifice. Visravas is annoyed at this inauspicious interruption and predicts that Kaikasi's children by him will be cruel and horrific demons, except for her youngest who will be virtuous like his father. The lower register shows them with their demon sons and demoness daughter

BL3283180

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

On the left, Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather rises from the netherworld and begs Ravana to occupy Lanka, from where the demons had been driven out by Vishnu. On the right, Prahasta, a demon sent by Ravana, is shown crossing the ocean to Lanka to ask Vaisravana if the demons could be reinstated there

BL3283181

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

Dhanada battles Ravana. Dhanada (Vaisravana), the Lord of Wealth, is shown on the Puspaka chariot in flight aiming arrows against his foe. Ravana is on his steed on the right and the two armies are depicted in fierce battle

BL3283190

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

On the left, Ravana in a puspaka chariot and the titans heading further up river to fight Arjuna. On the right Arjuna is in the river with his wives, who beg him not to fight Ravana. Arjuna fights Ravana's general, Prahasta, who is overcome

BL3283194

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

The mahapurusha has been depicted as Vishnu lying on his couch, the serpent, with Lakshmi at his feet. Ravana is shown falling down and then departing. He abducts hundreds of women in his puspaka chariot before he departs, depicted in the background

BL3283210

The ascetics visit Rama and request help against Lavana, son of Madhu, who had acquired a formidable weapon as a boon from Siva. Madhu used the weapon wisely but his son Lavana used the weapon indiscriminately and harassed the ascetics living in the forest, killing and devouring them

The ascetics visit Rama and request help against Lavana, son of Madhu, who had acquired a formidable weapon as a boon from Siva. Madhu used the weapon wisely but his son Lavana used the weapon indiscriminately and harassed the ascetics living in the forest, killing and devouring them

BL3283229

On the left, Dhanada (Vaisravana), Lord of Wealth, in his palace on Mount Kailasa, asks Manibhadra, the prince of the Yakshas, to fight the demons. Manibhadra is shown as a giant with joined hands. The right section depicts the battle between Ravana and Manibhadra

On the left, Dhanada (Vaisravana), Lord of Wealth, in his palace on Mount Kailasa, asks Manibhadra, the prince of the Yakshas, to fight the demons. Manibhadra is shown as a giant with joined hands. The right section depicts the battle between Ravana and Manibhadra

BL3283188

The top left section shows Ravana and the demons roaming the earth. In the top right, they meet King Maratha and the gods performing a sacrifice. The gods assume the form of animals out of fear of Ravana. King Maratha and Samvarta are seen conversing in the lower left section while Ravana and the demons look on. The lower right section depicts the four Gods reverting back to their original form

The top left section shows Ravana and the demons roaming the earth. In the top right, they meet King Maratha and the gods performing a sacrifice. The gods assume the form of animals out of fear of Ravana. King Maratha and Samvarta are seen conversing in the lower left section while Ravana and the demons look on. The lower right section depicts the four Gods reverting back to their original form

BL3283192

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

Ravana goes to the Narmada river. On the left, the titans are shown carrying the sacred linga and placing it before Ravana with the flowers necessary for worship. Ravana is shown placing the linga on the flowers and cleansing himself in the Narmada. On the right, King Arjuna is bathing in the river with his wives

BL3283193

Ravana seeks out Bali. Ravana, desirous of challenging anyone who had renowned strength, decides to fight Bali, the monkey king. He is shown in conversation with Tara and Sugriva and is told that Bali has gone to the southern ocean in order to perform the Sandhya ceremony. The kingdom of Kishkinda is painted on the left

Ravana seeks out Bali. Ravana, desirous of challenging anyone who had renowned strength, decides to fight Bali, the monkey king. He is shown in conversation with Tara and Sugriva and is told that Bali has gone to the southern ocean in order to perform the Sandhya ceremony. The kingdom of Kishkinda is painted on the left

BL3283197

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

The top left register shows Brahma, Siva and Vishnu following Indra while watching events below where Ravana is surrounded by his demon army. The lower section shows Ravani, Ravana's son, in armour on a horse leading Indra away with his hands bound. The top right shows the gods led by Brahma, approaching Ravana and Ravani to ask for Indra's release

BL3283220

Rama questions his ministers. Rama requests his courtiers to visit the towns and villages to acquaint themselves with the rumours about Sita and himself. The courtiers are seen departing from the palace on horseback and on elephants

Rama questions his ministers. Rama requests his courtiers to visit the towns and villages to acquaint themselves with the rumours about Sita and himself. The courtiers are seen departing from the palace on horseback and on elephants

BL3283228

China / Tibet: A Kalachakra thangka from Sera, one of the 'great three' Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet, located 2km north of Lhasa

China / Tibet: A Kalachakra thangka from Sera, one of the 'great three' Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet, located 2km north of Lhasa

PFH1174428

The gods, celestial beings, kings, rishis, royalty and common folk have all assembled to witness the vindication of Sītā. In front of the assembly, Sītā says that she has never ever thought of anyone but Rāma and that the Earth goddess MÄdhavÄ« should receive her if that be true. A miracle then occurs in front of all; a beautiful, celestial throne appears, supported by nÄgas. The Earth goddess welcomes Sītā on it, and they descend into the bowels of the earth. Sītā is declared virtuous and vindicated. BrahmÄ and the gods overhead witness the event.

The gods, celestial beings, kings, rishis, royalty and common folk have all assembled to witness the vindication of Sītā. In front of the assembly, Sītā says that she has never ever thought of anyone but Rāma and that the Earth goddess MÄdhavÄ« should receive her if that be true. A miracle then occurs in front of all; a beautiful, celestial throne appears, supported by nÄgas. The Earth goddess welcomes Sītā on it, and they descend into the bowels of the earth. Sītā is declared virtuous and vindicated. BrahmÄ and the gods overhead witness the event.

BL3283247

After many thousands of years of Rāma's righteous but lonely rule over the world, Death, in the form of an ascetic, visits Rāma and informs him of BrahmÄ's message: as Rāma has completed his mission and lived eleven thousand years as a mortal on earth, he can now proceed to the world of the gods in his role as Viá¹£á¹‡u, the Preserver. The ascetic wishes to speak privately with Rāma, and bids Rāma kill anyone who should interrupt their conversation or overhear their discourse. Rāma agrees and requests Lakṣmaṇa to stand guard while conversing with the ascetic. The ascetic is shown twice, on the left with Lakṣmaṇa, who ushers him into Rāma's presence (top right), and conversing privately with Rāma on the lower right.

After many thousands of years of Rāma's righteous but lonely rule over the world, Death, in the form of an ascetic, visits Rāma and informs him of BrahmÄ's message: as Rāma has completed his mission and lived eleven thousand years as a mortal on earth, he can now proceed to the world of the gods in his role as Viá¹£á¹‡u, the Preserver. The ascetic wishes to speak privately with Rāma, and bids Rāma kill anyone who should interrupt their conversation or overhear their discourse. Rāma agrees and requests Lakṣmaṇa to stand guard while conversing with the ascetic. The ascetic is shown twice, on the left with Lakṣmaṇa, who ushers him into Rāma's presence (top right), and conversing privately with Rāma on the lower right.

BL3283250

Monkeys, bears, titans, sages, ministers and Kings gather when they hear of Rama's departure for the celestial realm. In the right foreground are two attendants carrying the sacrificial fire to the river

Monkeys, bears, titans, sages, ministers and Kings gather when they hear of Rama's departure for the celestial realm. In the right foreground are two attendants carrying the sacrificial fire to the river

BL3283252

Rama chasing the Golden Deer, from the 'Ramayana', 1600

Rama chasing the Golden Deer, from the 'Ramayana', 1600

Mughal School, (17th century)

SCP57387

Krishna on a White Snake with a woman washing his feet and a deity rising above from a lotus flower, illustration from 'The Mahabharata', 1850 (pen & ink with wash on paper)

Krishna on a White Snake with a woman washing his feet and a deity rising above from a lotus flower, illustration from 'The Mahabharata', 1850 (pen & ink with wash on paper)

Persian School, (19th century)

STC2907428

Mahabharata

Mahabharata

XLF3791468

Hanumān has reported back to Aṅgada and JÄmbavÄn about his discovery of Sītā and his exploits in Laṅkā. The monkey chiefs debate whether they should rescue Sītā themselves, but are dissuaded by JÄmbavÄn who says that that right belongs to Rāma alone. On their way back to SugrÄ«va's kingdom, they have come to the beautiful Madhuvana wood, looking for honey and fruits, which they consume while its guardian Dadhimukha, SugrÄ«va's maternal uncle, is attacked by Aṅgada in a drunken fury.

Hanumān has reported back to Aṅgada and JÄmbavÄn about his discovery of Sītā and his exploits in Laṅkā. The monkey chiefs debate whether they should rescue Sītā themselves, but are dissuaded by JÄmbavÄn who says that that right belongs to Rāma alone. On their way back to SugrÄ«va's kingdom, they have come to the beautiful Madhuvana wood, looking for honey and fruits, which they consume while its guardian Dadhimukha, SugrÄ«va's maternal uncle, is attacked by Aṅgada in a drunken fury.

BL3306348

Krishna, armed with a bow and arrow, on a chariot, from a North Indian Mahabharata, 1795 (silk)

Krishna, armed with a bow and arrow, on a chariot, from a North Indian Mahabharata, 1795 (silk)

Indian School, (18th century)

EUL411107

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

BL3283141

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are reunited with Bharata and Åšatrughna, who have kept Rāma's kingdom for him during the fourteen years of exile. The four brothers bathe, shave and dress themselves in a series of twelve compartments, ready for Rāma's coronation. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the monkeys, still in human guise, put on gowns and tie their turbans, while the Puá¹£paka chariot flies off back to Kubera, the god of Wealth and its original master, from whom Rāvaṇa stole it.

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are reunited with Bharata and Åšatrughna, who have kept Rāma's kingdom for him during the fourteen years of exile. The four brothers bathe, shave and dress themselves in a series of twelve compartments, ready for Rāma's coronation. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the monkeys, still in human guise, put on gowns and tie their turbans, while the Puá¹£paka chariot flies off back to Kubera, the god of Wealth and its original master, from whom Rāvaṇa stole it.

BL3283159

Below, Rama and his three brothers respectfully greet seven sages who have been admitted to the palace by a doorkeeper. Above, the seven are seated in a row on a verandah before Rama. They praise Rama for having vanquished the demon Ravana and his son Ravani, and tell Rama the story of Ravana's lineage and origins

Below, Rama and his three brothers respectfully greet seven sages who have been admitted to the palace by a doorkeeper. Above, the seven are seated in a row on a verandah before Rama. They praise Rama for having vanquished the demon Ravana and his son Ravani, and tell Rama the story of Ravana's lineage and origins

BL3283165

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

BL3283171

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

BL3283175

On the left, Vaisravana leaves Lanka and is seen repairing to Mount Kailasa to live. On the right, Ravana and the demons are shown crossing the ocean and occupying the palace at Lanka

On the left, Vaisravana leaves Lanka and is seen repairing to Mount Kailasa to live. On the right, Ravana and the demons are shown crossing the ocean and occupying the palace at Lanka

BL3283185

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

BL3283186

The left section depicts Ravana fighting Arjuna. Arjuna strikes Ravana with his mace and he falls unconscious. He then captures Ravana and leads him away. The right section depicts Ravana captive in Arjuna's palace. Poulastya appears before Arjuna and requests Ravana's release. Ravana is then shown departing, ashamed from Arjuna's palace

The left section depicts Ravana fighting Arjuna. Arjuna strikes Ravana with his mace and he falls unconscious. He then captures Ravana and leads him away. The right section depicts Ravana captive in Arjuna's palace. Poulastya appears before Arjuna and requests Ravana's release. Ravana is then shown departing, ashamed from Arjuna's palace

BL3283196

Ravana is shown seated on his throne in the palace in Lanka, surrounded by attendants. His sister, Surpanakha, falls at his feet and bemoans the fact that her husband was killed by Ravana in combat, leaving her widowed

Ravana is shown seated on his throne in the palace in Lanka, surrounded by attendants. His sister, Surpanakha, falls at his feet and bemoans the fact that her husband was killed by Ravana in combat, leaving her widowed

BL3283208

In the top right corner, the living creatures affected by Vayu's actions are shown pleading with Brahma to intervene. Brahma touches Hanuman and restores him to life. Vayu is pleased and restores the vital breath to all living things and each god grants Hanuman a boon giving him great strength

In the top right corner, the living creatures affected by Vayu's actions are shown pleading with Brahma to intervene. Brahma touches Hanuman and restores him to life. Vayu is pleased and restores the vital breath to all living things and each god grants Hanuman a boon giving him great strength

BL3283221

Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

BL3283232

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

BL3283235

Lavana returns from hunting for food and Shatrughana attacks him with arrows, killing him. Shatrughana is lauded by the gods who grant him a boon. As Shatrughana wishes to occupy the kingdom of Madhu (Rama's desire), they grant him his wish. On the left, Shatrughana is seen entering the city gates with his army

Lavana returns from hunting for food and Shatrughana attacks him with arrows, killing him. Shatrughana is lauded by the gods who grant him a boon. As Shatrughana wishes to occupy the kingdom of Madhu (Rama's desire), they grant him his wish. On the left, Shatrughana is seen entering the city gates with his army

BL3283238

After reigning over Madhupura for twelve years, Åšatrughna wished to return to AyodhyÄ to see Rāma again. On the way back, he again stopped at VÄlmÄ«ki's hermitage. He and his attendants are here seated on the right, listening to Rāma's sons, Lava and KuÅ›a, singing and playing the vÄ«á¹‡Ä, with VÄlmÄ«ki and the sages seated on the left.

After reigning over Madhupura for twelve years, Åšatrughna wished to return to AyodhyÄ to see Rāma again. On the way back, he again stopped at VÄlmÄ«ki's hermitage. He and his attendants are here seated on the right, listening to Rāma's sons, Lava and KuÅ›a, singing and playing the vÄ«á¹‡Ä, with VÄlmÄ«ki and the sages seated on the left.

BL3283239

Rama returns to Ayodhya and wishes to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. Bharata dissuades him from doing so

Rama returns to Ayodhya and wishes to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. Bharata dissuades him from doing so

BL3283240

Aṅgada is attacked by the rest of Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers. Mahodara attacks Aṅgada, who pulls out the tusk of his elephant (here SugrÄ«va is depicted doing this). Nīla and Hanumān come to help Aṅgada; Nīla attacks TriÅ›iras with a massive rock while Hanumān kills DevÄntaka with a great buffet. After a tremendous fight, Hanumān cuts off the three heads of TriÅ›iras, while Mahodara also lies slain.

Aṅgada is attacked by the rest of Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers. Mahodara attacks Aṅgada, who pulls out the tusk of his elephant (here SugrÄ«va is depicted doing this). Nīla and Hanumān come to help Aṅgada; Nīla attacks TriÅ›iras with a massive rock while Hanumān kills DevÄntaka with a great buffet. After a tremendous fight, Hanumān cuts off the three heads of TriÅ›iras, while Mahodara also lies slain.

BL3283116

Various demons try to prevent Hanumān from taking the mountain peak back to the Himalayas, but he beats them off and some fall to earth. Rāma and his allies look on, and likewise does Rāvaṇa, who appears at the jharokhā balcony, the sill spread with a rich cloth, while his courtiers below raise their hands to salute him in the Mughal manner.

Various demons try to prevent Hanumān from taking the mountain peak back to the Himalayas, but he beats them off and some fall to earth. Rāma and his allies look on, and likewise does Rāvaṇa, who appears at the jharokhā balcony, the sill spread with a rich cloth, while his courtiers below raise their hands to salute him in the Mughal manner.

BL3283134

Hanumān reaches the Himalaya mountains to find that the gandharvas try to prevent him from gathering the herbs. He charges through them, breaking a few heads on the way, and breaks off the mountain top again, as he does not know which herbs are required. Deer and rhinoceros flee in terror.

Hanumān reaches the Himalaya mountains to find that the gandharvas try to prevent him from gathering the herbs. He charges through them, breaking a few heads on the way, and breaks off the mountain top again, as he does not know which herbs are required. Deer and rhinoceros flee in terror.

BL3283140

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

BL3283245

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

BL3283246

After passing through a beautiful forested region, Rama visits the sage Agastya who lives in the Dandaka desert, the dwelling place of ascetics known as Janasthana. The sage Agastya receives Rama and requests him to spend a night at his hermitage

After passing through a beautiful forested region, Rama visits the sage Agastya who lives in the Dandaka desert, the dwelling place of ascetics known as Janasthana. The sage Agastya receives Rama and requests him to spend a night at his hermitage

BL3283242

Above, the sage Durvasa and the ascetic Death are shown visiting Rama. The centre shows Rama and Lakshmana feeding the sage and Rama consulting with his ministers and Vashishta. The lower section shows Durvasa departing, Lakshmana taking leave of Rama and reaching the banks of the Sarayu river where he disrobes and meditates. Above, Indra on his elephant Airavata takes Lakshmana away to heaven

Above, the sage Durvasa and the ascetic Death are shown visiting Rama. The centre shows Rama and Lakshmana feeding the sage and Rama consulting with his ministers and Vashishta. The lower section shows Durvasa departing, Lakshmana taking leave of Rama and reaching the banks of the Sarayu river where he disrobes and meditates. Above, Indra on his elephant Airavata takes Lakshmana away to heaven

BL3283248

Rama issues his last commands and embraces Bharata on the right of the folio. His subjects look downcast and ask to accompany him wherever he goes

Rama issues his last commands and embraces Bharata on the right of the folio. His subjects look downcast and ask to accompany him wherever he goes

BL3283253

A Sanskrit manuscript of Lotus Sutra in South Turkestan Brahmi script (ink on paper)

A Sanskrit manuscript of Lotus Sutra in South Turkestan Brahmi script (ink on paper)

Turkestan School

BL7261721

Manjusri (silver)

Manjusri (silver)

Indonesian School, (10th century)

Dirk Bakker

DBP746581

Mahabharata

Mahabharata

XLF3791474

Add 15296 (1) f.57r, Rama, unbearably distressed at the sight of his aged parents running desperately after the chariot, has urged on the driver. The chariot passes behind a hill, still surrounded by the townspeople, while Dasaratha, who has run after it, falls fainting to the ground.

Add 15296 (1) f.57r, Rama, unbearably distressed at the sight of his aged parents running desperately after the chariot, has urged on the driver. The chariot passes behind a hill, still surrounded by the townspeople, while Dasaratha, who has run after it, falls fainting to the ground.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283000

Add 15296 (1) f.101r, On the left Bharata, in his extreme distress, faints after hearing Guha'Sitale of his meeting with Rama, and is revived by his brother and the queens. Kausalya tells him that they all depend on him totally. Guha leads them all, this time from the right, to the place under the Iagudi tree where Rama and his companions' beds of grass still lie. On the lower left Bharata, with his brother and the queens, tellSitae Brahmins and counsellers that he will live in the forest with Shatrughna while Rama returns to rule Ayodhya.

Add 15296 (1) f.101r, On the left Bharata, in his extreme distress, faints after hearing Guha'Sitale of his meeting with Rama, and is revived by his brother and the queens. Kausalya tells him that they all depend on him totally. Guha leads them all, this time from the right, to the place under the Iagudi tree where Rama and his companions' beds of grass still lie. On the lower left Bharata, with his brother and the queens, tellSitae Brahmins and counsellers that he will live in the forest with Shatrughna while Rama returns to rule Ayodhya.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283022

Add 15296 (1) f.118r, The Brahmins and the queens in their litters approach. Kausalya points out the place by the river where Rama offered the ritual water and laments the pitiable quality of the pindas, as offered to her dead husband. The three exiles then greet the queens (Sita is shown embracing Kaikeyi rather than Kausalya), and then separately the Brahmins and the minister Sumantra. The four brothers and Sita Sitaoutside the hut (top left). Bharata requests Rama to ascend the throne, but Rama refuses to disobey the command of his father.

Add 15296 (1) f.118r, The Brahmins and the queens in their litters approach. Kausalya points out the place by the river where Rama offered the ritual water and laments the pitiable quality of the pindas, as offered to her dead husband. The three exiles then greet the queens (Sita is shown embracing Kaikeyi rather than Kausalya), and then separately the Brahmins and the minister Sumantra. The four brothers and Sita Sitaoutside the hut (top left). Bharata requests Rama to ascend the throne, but Rama refuses to disobey the command of his father.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283030

Add 15296 (2) f.2r, In their desperate search for the abducted Sita, Rama and Laksmana have come to the Pampa lake, which is covered with lotuses and surrounded by flowering trees. It is the spring season and Rama is continuously reminded by the mating birds and animals and the flowering plants of his lost love. They are seen by the deposed king of the monkeys, Sugriva, who Sita with his advisers on the craggy heights of the Rsyamuka mountain above the lake. The monkeys chatter animatedly among themselves. Various trees and large flowers line the bank of the river, in which two cranes stand.

Add 15296 (2) f.2r, In their desperate search for the abducted Sita, Rama and Laksmana have come to the Pampa lake, which is covered with lotuses and surrounded by flowering trees. It is the spring season and Rama is continuously reminded by the mating birds and animals and the flowering plants of his lost love. They are seen by the deposed king of the monkeys, Sugriva, who Sita with his advisers on the craggy heights of the Rsyamuka mountain above the lake. The monkeys chatter animatedly among themselves. Various trees and large flowers line the bank of the river, in which two cranes stand.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283032

Add 15296 (1) f.127r, The procession returns to Ayodhya, along the bottom of the painting, the sorrowful and deserted city being the haunt of cats and owls. Bharata and Shatrughna take their leave of the queens and tell Vasistha that they will retire to Nandigrama and are resolved to live as ascetics until Rama's return. They stay out, at the top, in one chariot in the reverse direction, followed by Vasistha and Sumantra in another chariot and attended by townspeople.

Add 15296 (1) f.127r, The procession returns to Ayodhya, along the bottom of the painting, the sorrowful and deserted city being the haunt of cats and owls. Bharata and Shatrughna take their leave of the queens and tell Vasistha that they will retire to Nandigrama and are resolved to live as ascetics until Rama's return. They stay out, at the top, in one chariot in the reverse direction, followed by Vasistha and Sumantra in another chariot and attended by townspeople.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283035

Add 15296 (1) f.126r, Despite the entreaties of his brother to return to rule Ayodhya, Rama Ramains adamant in adhering to his father's command. He manages finally to persuade Bharata to govern the kingdom until his return after fourteen years. Bharata resolves to dress and behave as an ascetic until then. The two brothers and Sita make their farewells to Bharata and Shatrughna, to the Brahmins and to the queens, with Sita being embraced by Kausalya. Bharata crouches before Rama for him to put his feet into a pair of sandals at he will take back to Ayodhya with him, and in the name of which he will govern the kingdom. Rama then retireSita the hut. The chariots and litters then proceed back to Ayodhya, with Bharata carrying Rama's sandals on his head, the two brothers cast down in sorrow.

Add 15296 (1) f.126r, Despite the entreaties of his brother to return to rule Ayodhya, Rama Ramains adamant in adhering to his father's command. He manages finally to persuade Bharata to govern the kingdom until his return after fourteen years. Bharata resolves to dress and behave as an ascetic until then. The two brothers and Sita make their farewells to Bharata and Shatrughna, to the Brahmins and to the queens, with Sita being embraced by Kausalya. Bharata crouches before Rama for him to put his feet into a pair of sandals at he will take back to Ayodhya with him, and in the name of which he will govern the kingdom. Rama then retireSita the hut. The chariots and litters then proceed back to Ayodhya, with Bharata carrying Rama's sandals on his head, the two brothers cast down in sorrow.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283038

Add 15296 (2) f.11r, Sugriva then tells Rama and Laksmana how powerful his brother Ba

Add 15296 (2) f.11r, Sugriva then tells Rama and Laksmana how powerful his brother Ba

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283045

Add 15296 (2) f.18r, Outside the palace, Sugriva and Bali buffet each other furiously with fists and nails and then tear up trees and rocks, but Bali is the stronger and slowly Sugriva is forced to give ground. When Rama sees that Sugriva is losing, he keeps his promise to assist his ally by aiming his deadly arrow into Bali's chest. Bali sinks dying to the ground and the exhausted Sugriva too falls down. Bali bitterly reproaches Rama for his treacherous action in basely and surreptitiously killing him when engaged in fighting another. But Rama tells him that for stealing his younger brother Sugriva's wife Rama, whom he should have regarded as a daughter-in-law, he deserves death. The earth and all that is in it belong to the Iksvaku race and Rama is doing his warrior duty by upholding the rule of law on behalf of his brother Bharata the king. Bali accepts his fate and commends his young son Angada to Rama's protection.

Add 15296 (2) f.18r, Outside the palace, Sugriva and Bali buffet each other furiously with fists and nails and then tear up trees and rocks, but Bali is the stronger and slowly Sugriva is forced to give ground. When Rama sees that Sugriva is losing, he keeps his promise to assist his ally by aiming his deadly arrow into Bali's chest. Bali sinks dying to the ground and the exhausted Sugriva too falls down. Bali bitterly reproaches Rama for his treacherous action in basely and surreptitiously killing him when engaged in fighting another. But Rama tells him that for stealing his younger brother Sugriva's wife Rama, whom he should have regarded as a daughter-in-law, he deserves death. The earth and all that is in it belong to the Iksvaku race and Rama is doing his warrior duty by upholding the rule of law on behalf of his brother Bharata the king. Bali accepts his fate and commends his young son Angada to Rama's protection.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283050

Add 15296 (2) f.57r, As Sugriva is still speaking of his earlier adventures to the two brothers, the monkeys sent out to the eastern, northern and western quarters return and report that their quest was in vain, there had been no sign of Sita.

Add 15296 (2) f.57r, As Sugriva is still speaking of his earlier adventures to the two brothers, the monkeys sent out to the eastern, northern and western quarters return and report that their quest was in vain, there had been no sign of Sita.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283057

The daughters of King Kusha are wed to Brahmadatta. Through his yogic powers he restores the daughters to their former beauty which pleases King Kusha greatly

The daughters of King Kusha are wed to Brahmadatta. Through his yogic powers he restores the daughters to their former beauty which pleases King Kusha greatly

BL3285845

Rāma on his throne, with his brothers behind holding a parasol and chowries, bids farewell to all his helpers, who are still in human form. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a sets off in his chariot, and an elephant and a horse await others. With Rāma's coronation begins his auspicious reign, a truly golden age for mankind - RÄm-rÄjya, Rāma's rule.

Rāma on his throne, with his brothers behind holding a parasol and chowries, bids farewell to all his helpers, who are still in human form. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a sets off in his chariot, and an elephant and a horse await others. With Rāma's coronation begins his auspicious reign, a truly golden age for mankind - RÄm-rÄjya, Rāma's rule.

BL3283163

Four further spies are sent out from the city by Rāvaṇa, but again they are recognised and set upon by the monkeys. They return crestfallen to Laṅkā. Rāma and his allies are depicted beneath the Suvela mountain on the left.

Four further spies are sent out from the city by Rāvaṇa, but again they are recognised and set upon by the monkeys. They return crestfallen to Laṅkā. Rāma and his allies are depicted beneath the Suvela mountain on the left.

BL3283079

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